But Pakistan controls it with their Poonch and Pashtun troops. He formally declared Kashmir part of India, signed away its independence, and Indian troops soon crossed the border to defend what they now saw as their territory. When Operation Gulmarg was kicked off and Kashmir's security forces were completely overwhelmed, Maharaja Hari Singh felt he had no other options at this point and requested direct Indian intervention to protect himself and the Hindu minority citizens. What exactly followed differs depending on which side you ask: Either the local Muslims launched a spontaneous protest in response to unpopular government agendas, were fired on by Hari Singh's Hindu troops, who then launched a widespread terror campaign against Muslim villages, and were forced to respond with an armed uprising and a request for Pakistani protection, OR the whole thing was a locally planned Muslim coup that proceeded with the tacit approval of Pakistan to aid in Operation Gulmarg, so we shall simply say that no matter what happened, the uprising ended with a Pakistani intervention, Hari Singh's troops stretched to their breaking point, and the incorporation of that particular region of Kashmir into Pakistan.
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Soldiers that had been sent home with their rifles in hand. The Muslim majority district had seen high taxation, high unemployment, and a wave of soldiers returning from fighting for the British in the Second World War. note We'd probably still debate if it was a legitimate uprising if not for the fact that a dossier on the mission was accidentally handed to an Indian Officer who was finishing up packing his things before crossing the border during the Partition.Īs this plan was being set up, an unplanned uprising took place in the far western region of Kashmir called Poonch. The whole plan was set to go off in late October of 1947 with weapons and radio support to be provided by the Pakistani army. Their plan, Operation Gulmarg, involved sending roughly 1,000 armed Pashtun tribesmen from Waziristan to conquer Jammu and Kashmir as a "popular uprising", prompting a merger with Pakistan. Unfortunately, that idea didn't sit too well with the Pakistani leadership and they began making plans to change the status quo before the Maharaja could solidify his control.
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It would never have rivaled its neighbors, but could have been a reliable Switzerland-like neutral state. Kashmir is a fertile region, has abundant natural resources, is quite populous, and its people were fairly well off even after the British withdrew. note This wasn't as crazy an idea as it might sound. So he tried to make his own independent nation instead. If he opted to join Pakistan, Hari Singh would no doubt be deposed by the Muslim government and the Hindu-minority in Kashmir would face similar discrimination. If he followed his personal convictions and joined India, the Muslim population would potentially overthrow him or could face significant discrimination by Hindu-majority India. Hari Singh was personally a Hindu, as were many of his civil servants and security forces, but his region had predominantly Muslim citizens and was bordered by both India and Pakistan. The individual princes of the states and their civil governments faced a no-win choice in many cases- but none was as difficult as that faced by Maharaja Hari Singh, Prince of Jammu and Kashmir.
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The Indo-Pakistan War of 1947-48 (AKA the First Kashmir War)Īfter the partition of India was ordered and with a timetable for the withdrawal of the British established, individual states that held mixtures of Hindu and Muslim citizens were faced with a difficult choice of how they would deal with the Partition especially when such regions bordered both countries.